22 States Sue Federal Government on New Healthcare Rules

BOSTON – Massachusetts Attorney General Andrea Joy Campbell announced on Friday, July 31, that the state joined with 22 other states to sue the Trump Administration to challenge a federal rule that would make changes to the Affordable Care Act (ACA).

The lawsuit challenges parts of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ (CMS) standards for health plans offered in 2027.

“Massachusetts residents are already struggling with the rising cost of healthcare, and attorneys general across the country are working every day to protect consumers and expand access to affordable coverage,” said AG Campbell. “Instead of lowering costs or making it easier for people to get the care they need, the Trump Administration is yet again creating barriers to coverage and shifting even greater financial burdens onto working families. We’re asking the court to stop these unlawful changes and protect the affordable healthcare that millions of Americans rely on.”

According to Campbell’s office, the rule expands eligibility for catastrophic health insurance plans, which are not eligible for premium tax credits. These plants typically offer limited coverage that can leave consumers responsible for higher out-of-pocket costs than other ACA plans.

The rule  also allows catastrophic and bronze plans to exceed ACA limits on maximum annual out-of-pocket costs.

In the lawsuit, the states argue that the new rule:

• Reimposes provisions that a federal court has already vacated — including additional income verification requirements and penalties for consumers who do not complete tax-credit paperwork — without addressing the court’s legal concerns.
• Unlawfully expands eligibility for catastrophic health plans beyond the limits established by Congress in the ACA.
• Unlawfully allows catastrophic and bronze plans to exceed ACA limits on maximum annual out-of-pocket costs.
• Will increase costs, reduce enrollment, and shift financial burdens onto consumers, healthcare providers, and states.
• Was adopted without adequate explanation or a meaningful response to the coalition’s comments, making it arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative Procedure Act.

The other states in the lawsuit are Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin, as well as Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro.

Mosquito Spraying on Aug. 4 after West Nile Detected in Worcester

WORCESTER- The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH) announced that West Nile Virus (WNV) was detected in mosquitos from a trap site in Worcester.

The Central Massachusetts Mosquito Control Project (CMMCP) scheduled pesticide spraying in the area between Circuit Avenue East, Minthorne Street, Lovell Street, May Street, Park Avenue, Maywood Street, and Spaulding Street. CMMCP’s scheduled treatments for Tuesday, Aug. 4, weather permitting. The agency also announced tentative plans for spraying on the next three consecutive Tuesdays: Aug. 11, Aug. 18, and Aug. 25.

Map is also downloadable

Residents are advised to observe the following precautions if their street is being sprayed:

• Close street-facing windows and turn off any “outside air” settings on air conditioners.
• Keep pets inside between sunset and midnight, and do not let children play near or behind truck-mounted applicators when they are in use.
• Remain inside during the application and for 15-20 minutes afterwards.
• Wash off any vegetables from home gardens after spraying and before consuming them.

Accidental exposure is not expected to cause any health concerns in most people, although anyone who suffers from chemical sensitivities or feels that spraying may aggravate a preexisting health condition should consult their physician and take special measures to avoid exposure if necessary. Accidental exposure to pets should also not cause a problem since the pesticide being used is similar to ones used for flea and tick control.

Residents may opt out of having their property sprayed during wide-area pesticide application by at Mass.gov.

AG’s Office Awards $424,000 for Youth Summer Jobs

BOSTON – The office of Attorney General Andrea Campbell announced over $424,000 in funding to 38 organizations across Massachusetts supporting youth summer job opportunities focussed on advancing public health and professional development for young people.

The Healthy Summer Youth Jobs (HSV) Grant Program awarded over $3.8 million in funding supporting over 1,600 summer youth jobs in over 100 municipalities across the state. The program began 12 years ago.

Six of the 38 organizations receiving funding are in Worcester County. They are:

• City of Gardner
• City of Worcester
• Growing Places Garden Project, Inc.
• Regional Environmental Council
• Town of Rutland
• Worcester Youth Center, Inc.

Some programs supported by funding this year include:

• Health Literacy/Education Initiatives
• Physical Activity/Wellness Programs
• Nutrition/Food Insecurity Initiatives
• Mental Health/Peer Support Programs
• Environmental Projects
• Violence Prevention/Community Safety
• Substance Use/Harm Reduction Programs

Late-Moving Legislative Action Injects ‘Ambiguity’ Into Ballot Questions

by Chris Lisinski, CommonWealth Beacon

Legislative leaders have not been shy about their disdain for the surge in initiative petitions that’s put a nearly unprecedented volume of major policy choices in the hands of voters in the form of ballot questions. Now, they might turn that irritation into controversial action.

Lawmakers — as well as many policy experts — routinely warn against lawmaking by ballot question, arguing that the yes-or-no votes on complex issues are a blunt instrument and a poor substitute for the give-and-take of the deliberative process of hashing out legislation. Even some campaign leaders acknowledge privately that they prefer the traditional route through the House and Senate to the ballot whenever possible.

Recognizing that fact, the ballot question process has a built-in, if informal, schedule for the Legislature to engage with advocates about possible compromise legislation that would satisfy proponents enough to get them to drop their campaigns.

In recent years, the Legislature even established a formal system for examining all potential ballot questions with a single committee of House and Senate members. But that review process came and went this spring, and lawmakers made no overtures suggesting interest in discussing such compromise.

Now, however, with a record-tying nine questions locked in for the November ballot, top Democrats are seriously considering a tactic nearly unprecedented in recent decades: taking last-minute action of their own that could significantly reshape or even upend two of the decisions their constituents will make.

Depending on the course of House-Senate negotiations, Beacon Hill might take the bite out of a tax rebate law at the same time that voters are deciding whether to expand it. Both branches are also eyeing a legal lever that, if pulled, could force their preferred, more limited version of public records reforms to supersede whatever voters decide on a ballot question that would extend the reach of the state public records law to lawmakers and the governor. And in each case, lawmakers could wait until the lame-duck stretch after the November 3 elections to play their cards.

Those moves are not sitting well with advocates who spent months — and, in many cases, millions of dollars — gathering tens of thousands of voter signatures and clearing every hurdle required to place a question on the ballot.

Scotia Hille, executive director of the Act on Mass group supporting a measure to expand the public records law to the governor, House, and Senate, accused legislative leaders of displaying “contempt for the initiative petition process that is reserved for the public in our constitution.”

The changes lawmakers are weighing to public records and the tax cap law, if finalized, would also inject confusion into the ballot campaigns. If both pending legislative proposals pass, it “will add ambiguity to the policy impact of those two ballot questions,” according to Andrew London, a partner at law firm Foley Hoag who has worked on cases challenging ballot questions.

Lawmakers have resisted complying with public records requirements for years, and they bristled at the ballot question in recent months. House and Senate Democrats argue they should not be required to abide by the same records requirements as other government entities because that would give the secretary of state, who enforces the current records statute, undue power over the legislative branch in violation of the constitutional separation of powers.

“The simple reality is that the public records ballot question and the existing public records framework use a method of enforcement that we believe to be clearly unconstitutional when applied to the legislative branch,” House Speaker Ron Mariano said in a speech in June, when the House approved legislation creating a different public records approach for the Legislature.

The Senate is set to follow suit with its own records bill this week, which like the House’s would make many documents available, but not lawmakers’ correspondence.

Both versions also include a sentence that could prove key, declaring that the legislation “shall constitute the sole and exclusive remedy” for acquiring House and Senate records, and that any other segment of the public records law does not apply to the Legislature. That line seems designed to make the Legislature’s version supersede the language of the ballot question, essentially rendering changes voters might embrace meaningless.

London, who is not involved in either the records campaign or the tax cap campaign, said it’s a “complicated legal question” to figure out what would happen if both the public records ballot question and the changes the House and Senate are weighing ultimately pass. He added it would likely prompt litigation to sort matters out.

The outlook is especially complicated for the ballot question changing the tax cap and rebate system, which four years ago forced Beacon Hill to return $3 billion to taxpayers. The question, backed by some business groups and the free-market-oriented Pioneer Institute, would change the formula for the tax cap, making it more likely the state owes money back to taxpayers in a given year.

Senate Democrats initially eyed a straight repeal of the underlying law, a move that would have rendered the measure on the ballot moot. However, they balked at nuking the law entirely and instead settled on adding a new condition: the state would not owe any refunds under Chapter 62F unless net state tax revenues for the year were at least 7.5 percent of total statewide personal income.

Sen. Jason Lewis, who authored both the original amendment and the redrafted version, described it as an additional “test” to determine if Beacon Hill must return money to taxpayers that does not imperil the ballot question.

“They would sit alongside each other,” he said of his proposal and the ballot measure. “Essentially, both would need to be triggered in order to result in a refund to taxpayers.”

What Lewis calls an added test to be folded into the law, however, backers of the initiative petition see as a backdoor move to undercut the law — and by extension their ballot question.

The latest Senate maneuver is “a cunningly worded amendment designed to gut the original law without formally repealing it,” the Pioneer Institute said in a statement.

Though Lewis’s updated idea does not outright sink the ballot question, it would effectively limit the impact of the language that will go before voters. If the ballot question passes and the Senate measure becomes law, it would be harder for Beacon Hill to hit the tax refund trigger than it would be if the ballot question alone passed.

“Reading these two changes together will likely reduce the frequency of rebates under Chapter 62F – which undermines the objectives of the ballot question’s proponents,” said London.

It’s not clear if the House will go along with the last-minute Senate change. Mariano said he personally likes the idea of repealing Chapter 62F altogether, but is wary of the outrage it could generate among voters.

Officially, legislators have limited options during the time allotted to them to review ballot questions: approve a measure as drafted by proponents, or take no action. But in the past, they’ve used their position to negotiate with campaigns about a compromise — say, if the House and Senate approve a somewhat scaled-back bill targeting the same issue, organizers will drop their question before it reaches voters.

Eight years ago, as initiative petitions dealing with minimum wage, taxation, and paid family and medical leave wound their way toward the ballot, lawmakers and then-Gov. Charlie Baker convened an extensive series of negotiations with supporters and opponents of the proposals. Those talks led to the “grand bargain,” a bill passed by the Legislature and signed by Baker that addressed those myriad policies satisfactorily enough for each campaign to halt its efforts before their questions were locked in for the general election.

That did not happen this year. There appear to have been no substantive talks about legislative compromises to either the public records ballot question or the Chapter 62F overhaul. (The one would-be ballot question on which there were initial discussions of a possible legislative compromise was a rent control measure, which was ultimately doomed by courts.)

Now, lawmakers are considering changes to both the tax cap law and the public records law in their end-of-July burst of activity, after the final deadline for any campaigns to keep their questions off the ballot.

So whatever decisions the House and Senate make, voters will still have questions to answer in November — even if it’s not clear how much decision-making power they’ll actually have, adding more confusion to a year where Bay Staters might already be overwhelmed by the sheer number of ballot measures.

Further muddying the picture, newly adopted legislative rules this term mean that legislative leaders can wait as long as they want to take up a final bill as long as each branch approves a preliminary version before July 31.

Hille, the Act on Mass leader, said she’s concerned House and Senate negotiators will wait until after the November 3 election to surface a deal on the records legislation, which could give lawmakers a lame-duck opportunity to change or even spike the outcome of the ballot question. Such a move, The Globe‘s editorial board wrote Wednesday, “would be downright shameful.”

“That is a part of this that is really alarming to us as good-government advocates,” Hille said.

The closest corollary in recent history is 2012, when proponents and opponents of an automotive “right-to-repair” proposal agreed to a deal after the question had already locked in a spot on the ballot. The Legislature enacted the compromise legislation in the final hours of its formal sessions for the term in July, and the campaigns initially agreed to urge voters to simply skip the question.

One side changed its mind in the fall, however, and resumed campaigning. Voters then approved the question, putting two competing laws on the books — one enacted by the Legislature, and one that came from the ballot box. The following year, lawmakers moved to untangle the mess by reconciling the two statutes.

In that case, however, the Legislature was acting with input from at least some of the entities behind the right-to-repair campaign. The new public records and tax cap proposals in play before lawmakers have not involved any discussion with the ballot question proponents.

“The fact that the Legislature can try everything to fight a ballot question, and then, in the last few days of the legislative session, pass legislation that would essentially nullify the impact of the ballot question — I think it absolutely sets an alarming precedent about our right as citizens to make laws by initiative petition,” Hille said.

This article first appeared on CommonWealth Beacon and is republished here under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Worcester Seeks Information on Fiber Network Development

WORCESTER – The City of Worcester announced on Thursday, July 29m that it seeks input and ideas from qualified vendors on the development of a Fiber-to-the-Premises (FTTP) broadband network.

The announcement says that the city “aims to gather information that will maximize access to high-speed, reliable, and affordable internet service.”

“The City of Worcester is actively working to bridge the digital divide,” said City Manager Eric D. Batista. “We want every household, business, school, and non-profit to have access to next-generation connectivity. This RFI is the next step toward that goal and is part of our broader strategy to strengthen digital equity, expand economic opportunity, and enhance public services.”

The request for information (RFI) document on the city website describes the scope of the request as:

“Provide industry information to the City for the design, installation, implementation, and successful operation of fiber network connections across the entire area of the City of Worcester per the attached specifications.”

The deadline for proposals is Sept. 2.

The largest internet provider in Worcester, Spectrum, a division of Charter Communications, provides service throughout its cable network.Verizon Fios, a fiber-based service, currently has coverage across roughly a third of the city.

Unlike cable, fiber provides higher upload speeds for users, lower latency, and does not face slower speeds during neighborhood congestion.

Governor Signs New Laws on Sexual Assault

BOSTON – Governor Maura Healey held two ceremonial signings on Friday, July 24, for two laws included in the FY 2027 state budget related to sexual assault.

The first law eliminates the statute of limitations for cases of rape when new DNA evidence identifies a suspect. The second prevents mandated reporters from claiming consent as a defense for sexual activity with 16- and 17-year-old minors.

Healey proposed the first law in January. It allows prosecutors to bring charges of rape when DNA evidence identifies a suspect after the 15-year statute of limitations expires.

The second law closes what the governor’s office calls a loophole that allowed adults in positions of authority to claim that a 16- or 17-year-old consented to sexual conduct. Those adults include those in professions such as teachers, coaches, police officers, social works, and other mandated reporters. The law states that those teens cannot legally consent to any type of sexual conduct with someone who has exercised authority over them.

“As a former prosecutor and Attorney General, I spent years working alongside survivors of sexual violence. I saw firsthand the trauma they carry, and the extraordinary courage it takes to come forward. I also saw the devastation caused when our laws don’t do enough to protect survivors and hold offenders accountable,” said Governor Maura Healey. “These new laws close dangerous loopholes, strengthen protections for children, and make sure survivors have a better opportunity to seek justice. While no law can change what survivors have endured, we can take action to make our laws fairer, our communities safer and help survivors get the justice they deserve.”

Proposed graduation requirements revive debate over standardized testing

by Saaya Daga, CommonWealth Beacon
July 27, 2026

Nearly two years after voters eliminated the MCAS graduation requirement, state officials are proposing a new set of statewide exams that could once again make standardized testing part of earning a high school diploma.

A proposal released by the K-12 Statewide Graduation Council recommends that students complete state-designed and administered end-of-course assessments in English, math, and science as part of a broader graduation framework.

Exactly how much the tests would count towards graduation remains unclear. Under the plan put forward by the council, results “will meaningfully count toward students’ academic record and path to graduation,” but it did not specify whether students must pass these assessments in order to earn a diploma.

The proposal also recommends that students be required to complete a statewide sequence of courses known as MassCore, a capstone project or portfolio, and gain a background in financial and digital literacy to graduate.

The set of recommendations represents the state’s new proposed graduation standard after voters approved the 2024 ballot measure ending the use of MCAS as a graduation requirement. While the proposal would require legislative approval before taking effect, it has already revived debate over whether the state is reintroducing the kind of standardized testing voters rejected.

Students would take these statewide assessments after completing their related core high school classes. A history and social science assessment could be added later on.

Supporters argue that statewide assessments would restore consistency to a diploma that has become increasingly dependent on local standards.

“Parents and families don’t want a different test in every different classroom, and they don’t want a different grading policy so they can’t really know for sure how well their student’s doing,” said Ed Lambert, executive director of the Massachusetts Business Alliance for Education, who opposed the 2024 ballot measure doing away with the MCAS graduation requirement. “That’s the importance of these end-of-course assessments.”

Critics counter that the proposal simply brings high-pressure testing back under a new name.

“We had this debate about high-stakes testing and the voters overwhelmingly said no. But now they are trying to repackage it,” said Max Page, who just ended a four-year tenure as president of the Massachusetts Teachers Association, a union representing over 117,000 Massachusetts educators.

He argued that standardized testing forces teachers to teach to the test and prevents them from offering comprehensive instruction. “Standardized tests are a blunt and ineffective way of measuring student learning.”

Research on Massachusetts’s testing system paints a more nuanced picture.

A 2024 paper produced through a research partnership between the Annenberg Institute at Brown University and the Massachusetts Departments of Elementary and Secondary Education and Higher Education found that strong MCAS performance was a good predictor of students’ long-term college and career outcomes.

The report also found that low-income students who narrowly passed the MCAS math exam on their first try were more than three percentage points more likely to graduate from high school than comparable students who fell just short, suggesting the requirement itself may have motivated students.

At the same time, the researchers cautioned that relying too heavily on standardized testing could encourage schools to prioritize improving test scores rather than broader learning outcomes.

The state graduation council determined that nearly three-fourths of districts already use one or more end-of-course assessments as a way for students to work towards their competency determination, a state requirement that asks students to meet certain academic standards in order to earn a high school diploma.

Under the old system, in which students had to pass 10th grade MCAS tests in English, math, and science, the decision of whether to impose other graduation requirements was left to local districts.

The new blueprint recommends that students complete the state’s MassCore curriculum to graduate, which includes four years of English, four years of math, three of lab-based science, three of history and social science, two of world language, one of art, and five additional year-long courses.

Forty-six percent of Massachusetts high schools already require the full completion of MassCore as a graduation requirement.

For districts that do not meet these requirements, the Healey administration has announced $500,000 in grants to help them align their curriculum with MassCore.

Page argued the amount falls well short of what implementation would require. “If you have to hire a number of educators to be able to offer two years of world language or to offer the full sequence of math for every student in the Commonwealth, it’s going to cost a lot more than that,” he said.

He also questioned whether districts facing budget pressures and staff layoffs could realistically implement the new framework on the proposed timeline.

“We have a huge fiscal crisis, and we have been laying off hundreds of members all across the Commonwealth, but the proposals here will require greater investment to have more MassCore courses, to have counselors, to do capstone experiences, and so on,” he said.

The graduation council proposal also calls for students to meet a set of milestones designed to prepare them for college and career, including in work-based learning, civic readiness, and artificial intelligence.

Graduates must also complete a capstone project or portfolio demonstrating student learning. While the state would create a common rubric, local districts would have the authority to evaluate student work for portfolios or capstone projects.

Implementing these new requirements would happen over multiple years. Under the recommendations, students entering ninth grade in the fall of 2027 would only be required to meet MassCore graduation requirements, while students beginning high school in 2028 would be the first class required to meet the complete set of graduation requirements.

The timeline for the Legislature to take up the recommendations is unclear, but with the July 31 deadline approaching for considering new major business this year, the debate over what should replace MCAS is likely to spill into the new legislative session that begins in January.

This article first appeared on CommonWealth Beacon and is republished here under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Sewer Overflow Leads to Lake Quinsigamond Restrictions

WORCESTER – A sewer overflow on Route 20, near 23 Southwest Cutoff, enabled up to 15,000 gallons of untreated wastewater to discharge into the street from an underground pipe.

The overflow began at around 5:20 AM on Friday, July 24. City of Worcester workers stopped the leak about two hours later.

According to the City of Worcester, some of the flow made its way into the storm sewer system. That system drains into Lake Quinsigamond from O’Hara Brook.

The city advises residents to prepare for the possibility of elevated E. Coli levels around the area of discharge

The city says testing will occur daily until levels return to an acceptable range.

Fishing and swimming in that section of the lake is restricted until testing indicates safe levels. The city advises all residents should use the lake with caution until testing indicates the water is safe.

39-Year-Old Lunenburg Man Sentenced for Child Pornography

WORCESTER – A local man received a federal prison sentence on Thursday, July 23, for possessing pornographic material of children, also called child sexual abuse material (CSAM) .

Michael Myers, 39, of Lunenburg, received a sentence of 12 years in federal prison followed by five years of supervised release by U.S. District Court Judge Margaret Guzman.

In March 2026, Myers pleaded guilty to possession of child pornography. Authorities arrested him in December 2024

Myers, a level one sex offender, received a state conviction in 2015 for possession of child pornography. He received a sentence of two years of probation.

According to federal prosecutors, law enforcement identified a Kik Messenger account owned by Myers transmitting CSAM files in March 2023. One image discovered depicted a boy as young as eight years old being sexually assaulted by a man.

In April 2024, authorities identified a Reddit account belonging to Myers transmitting CSAM.

A search warrant for access to both accounts enabled investigators to find chats showing his interest in this material.

When authorities searched Myers’ home in December 2024, an anonymous messenger app found on his phone showed additional material being sent and received.

Marijuana Question Survives as all Nine Ballot Questions Get their Numbers

by Chris Lisinski, CommonWealth Beacon

MASSACHUSETTS, meet your ballot — and get ready to hear a flood of arguments about marijuana pinned to “Question 8.”

A state panel ruled Tuesday that the campaign seeking to eliminate legalization for recreational cannabis use can proceed. Less than an hour later, elections officials announced the order in which all nine statewide ballot questions, tying the record field size last set in 1994, will appear to voters this fall.

The decision from the State Ballot Law Commission turned aside a last-ditch effort to block the anti-marijuana proposal, whose backers have long been beset by allegations of shady tactics to gather the voter signatures required to qualify.

Kevin Gilnack, a leader of cannabis advocacy group Equitable Opportunities Now, filed a complaint on July 9 claiming the campaign obtained signatures through “fraudulent means” or that some signatures should not have counted because of formatting problems.

A particularly large concern Gilnack raised was that 231 signatures — above the 123 needed to be tossed to sink the question — appeared on petition sheets that contained “stray marks.” Case law holds that signatures on forms with “additions or deletions” of any kind should not count.

But after holding hearings last week, the commission concluded that the sheets in question contained “errant pen marks that have no material effect on the remainder of the content of the petition.”

Gilnack, the commission wrote, failed to meet the “burden of proof to disqualify enough signatures.”

voters in 2016 approved a ballot question legalizing recreational marijuana use among Bay State adults. In the ensuing decade, cannabis has become a multibillion-dollar industry that’s generated significant tax revenues for the state and municipalities, overseen by a large, and sometimes chaotic, regulatory operation.

SAM Action Inc., a national organization opposing recreational drug use, is pushing the new ballot question to undo that decade-old vote. The group — which as a 501(c)(4) is not required to disclose its donors — provided the entirety of the $1.55 million the campaign raised last year.

“With surging emergency room visits, youth addiction, and more dangerous roads, it is time for Massachusetts to end this disastrous experiment,” Kevin Sabet, the president and CEO of Sam Action Inc., said in a statement celebrating the decision.

The State Ballot Law Commission in January turned aside another challenge to the marijuana question that hinged on whether campaigners misled voters by describing the proposal as dealing with other topics, such as affordable housing.

With the ballot order set Tuesday, the 2026 election officially tied a record for the most statewide questions in a single year, last reached when Bill Clinton was president.

The first question voters will consider is whether to require the Legislature and governor’s office to follow the public records law that already applies to most other government entities in Massachusetts. Subsequent questions deal with collective bargaining rights for employees of the Committee for Public Counsel Services (Question 2), replacing partisan primary elections with a single all-party primary (Question 3), allowing voters to register on Election Day (Question 4), overhauling the cap-and-rebate system for state tax collections (Question 5), earmarking a share of sales tax revenue from sporting goods for conservation (Question 6), allowing smaller lot sizes for single-family home zoning (Question 7), repealing recreational marijuana legalization (Question 8), and repealing a 2024 gun control law (Question 9).

Secretary of State William Galvin typically decides the order of questions himself with a goal of achieving a clean layout, but this year, he delegated that task to a top deputy because Galvin is leading the campaign for Election Day registration.

With so many questions in the mix, Galvin expects all ballots across the state will require at least two pages.

This article first appeared on CommonWealth Beacon and is republished here under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.